The Emotional Control Mechanism of the Order of Control Energy
The race of Sensory Humans is provided with complete new style of controlling energy field organ, therefore the order of Control Energy was named from these functions. This complete new style of controlling energy field organ can utilize the Absolute Homeostasis Energy Source to work and execute those high level functions of resonating, detecting, scanning, reproducing, super connecting, positioning, surveillance, guarding, defending, establishing, activating, constructing, and constituent energy etc. It is not only the basis to distinguish the physiological foundation of different biological classification for the order of Control Energy from Primates, but also is the regulating mechanism of every item of physiological functions of the race of Sensory Humans.
The main point in this chapter is to explain the emotional reactions and control mechanism. As stated this topic, we have to review emotional reactions and senses related materials. Emotion includes every special body reactions with respect to any affairs with or without pressure. For examples: pains will produce the feelings of hide, fight, escape, distress, or unhappiness. On the contrary, happy is a comfortable subjective body reactions. These body reactions rise from specialized independent active of sensory receptors.
Above stated feeling of senses directly came from individual. Fear: feel fast and weak heart beat, tremble without action of muscles, wet and cold hands. Anger: feel fast and strong heart beat, tense and excess action of muscles, and red face. Joy: feel relaxed muscles, stable breath and heart beat. These sensations and experiences become part of individual memory.
Usually, the specific things worthy of memory are one part of messages of original emotional reaction. Depending on the fixation of memory storage, the sensation to the specific condition of body reactions become part of high level reaction and it is not necessary to remind it by specific stimulus.
The senses of memory are one part of new cortex; they pass through the peripheral system, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord etc. downward connection and evoke original condition or same sensory stimulus. When one person can experience and tell the sensation, it can be sensed that the sensation subject to fear, anger, or joy that are not necessary caused by external factors right before one’s eyes.
The senses of memory are one part of new cortex; therefore they pass through the Energy in Absolute Homeostasis to constitute of one kind of specific active sensory substances to activate memory sense area of new cortex and to stimulate peripheral system, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord etc. downward connection in order to evoke the same sensation caused by original condition or sensory stimulus.
"Coding" of Sensory Information
The speed of conduction and other characteristics of sensory nerve fibers are varying, but action potentials are similar in all nerves. The action potentials in the nerve from a touch receptor, for example, are essentially identical to those in the nerve from a warmth receptor. This raises the question of why stimulation of a touch receptor causes a sensation of touch and not of warmth. It also raises the question of how it is possible to tell whether the touch is light or heavy.
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
The sensation extract by impulses generated in a receptor depends in part on the specific part of the brain they ultimately activate. The specific sensory pathways are discrete from sense organ to cortex. Therefore, when the nerve pathways from a particular sense organ are stimulated, the sensation extract is that for which the receptor is specialized no matter how or where along the pathway the activity is initiated. This principle, first proposed by Müller in 1835, has been given the rather cumbersome name of the doctrine of specific nerve energies. For example, if the sensory nerve from a pacinian corpuscle in the hand is stimulated by pressure at the elbow or by irritation from a tumor in the brachial plexus, the sensation extract is touch. Similarly, if a fine enough electrode could be inserted into the appropriate fibers of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord, the thalamus, or the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex, the sensation produced by stimulation would be touch. This doctrine has been questioned from time to time; furthermore, it is not certain where the nociceptor pathway that signals both heat and pain fits in. Nevertheless, the general principle of specific nerve energies remains one of the cornerstones of sensory physiology.
Projection
No matter where a particular sensory pathway is stimulated along its course to the cortex, the conscious sensation produced is referred to the location of the receptor. This principle is called the law of projection. Cortical stimulation experiments during neurosurgical procedures on conscious patients illustrate this phenomenon. For example, when the cortical receiving area for impulses from the left hand is stimulated, the patient reports sensation in the left hand, not in the head. Another dramatic example is seen in amputees. Some of these patients may complain often bitterly of pain and proprioceptive sensations in the absent limb (phantom limb). The ends of the nerves cut at the time of amputation often form nerve tangles called neuromas. These may discharge spontaneously or when pressure is put on them. The impulses generated in them are in nerve fibers that previously came from sense organs in the amputated limb, and the sensations evoked are projected to where the receptors used to be. However, there is evidence that plasticity in sensory systems within the CNS is also involved in the phantom limb phenomenon.
Intensity Discrimination
There are two ways in which information about intensity of stimuli is transmitted to the brain: by variation in the frequency of the action potentials generated by the activity in a given receptor, and by variation in the number of receptors activated. It has long been taught that the magnitude of the sensation felt is proportionate to the log of the intensity of the stimulus (Weber–Fechner law). It now appears, however, that a power function more accurately describes this relation. In other words,
R = KSA
where R is the sensation felt, S is the intensity of the stimulus, and, for any specific sensory modality, K and A are constants. The frequency of the action potentials generated in a sensory nerve fiber is also related to the intensity of the initiating stimulus by a power function. An example of this relation is shown in Figure 5–2, in which the exponent is approximately 1.0. Another example is shown in Figure 5–4, in which the calculated exponent is 0.52. However, the relation between direct stimulation of a sensory nerve and the sensation felt is linear. Consequently, it appears that for any given sensory modality, the relation between sensation and stimulus intensity is determined primarily by the properties of the peripheral receptors.
Figure 5–2: Relation between muscle length and size of generator potential (top) and impulse frequency (bottom) in crayfish stretch receptor. Squares and circles indicate values in two different preparations. (Reproduced, with permission, from Terzuolo CA, Washizu Y: Relation between stimulus strength, generator potential, and impulse frequency in stretch receptor of crustacea. J Neurophysiol 1962;25:56.)
Figure 5–4: Relation between magnitude of touch stimulus (S) and frequency of action potentials in sensory nerve fibers (R). Dots are individual values from cats and are plotted on linear coordinates (left) and log–log coordinates (right). The equation shows the calculated power function relationship between R and S. (Reproduced, with permission, from Werner G, Mountcastle VB: Neural activity in mechanoreceptive cutaneous afferents. Stimulus–response relations, Weber functions, and information transmission. J Neurophysiol 1965;28:359.)
Sensory Units
The term sensory unit is applied to a single sensory axon and all its peripheral branches. These branches vary in number but may be numerous, especially in the cutaneous senses. The receptive field of a sensory unit is the area from which a stimulus produces a response in that unit. In the cornea and adjacent sclera of the eye, the surface area supplied by a single sensory unit is 50–200 mm2. Generally, the areas were supplied by one unit overlap and interdigitate with the areas supplied by others.
Recruitment of Sensory Units
As the strength of a stimulus is increased, it tends to spread over a large area and generally not only activates the sense organs immediately in contact with it but also "recruits" those in the surrounding area. Furthermore, weak stimuli activate the receptors with the lowest thresholds, and stronger stimuli also activate those with higher thresholds. Some of the receptors activated are part of the same sensory unit, and impulse frequency in the unit therefore increases. Because of overlap and interdigitation of one unit with another, however, receptors of other units are also stimulated, and consequently more units fire. In this way, more afferent pathways are activated, which is interpreted in the brain as an increase in intensity of the sensation. (Review of Medical Physiology (LANGE Basic Science))
Strong Desire for Inducement of becoming Addiction and near Collapse:
Most drug addict takes cocaine, the cocaine molecules will enter body from nasal cavity then pass through blood- brain barrier (BBB) which is a regulatory interface between capillary of brain and spinal cord and nervous tissues. Many therapeutic large molecules cannot pass through BBB.
After entering the brain, dopamine transporter on brain cell membrane which locates in brain area that controls happy feeling of appetite and sexual desire, its basic function is to collect dopamine back to cells and controls the secretive amount of dopamine from nervous synapse.
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Cocaine molecules enter cells and exchange to release the dopamine. This nervous transmitter has major function on nucleus accumbens area which is full of neurons for production and response of dopamine. If nervous impulses are delivered into this area and long-term stimulation of nerves to secrete dopamine, then it will continuously produce delightful feeling and replace the drugs which cause addiction and near collapse of strong desire, it will make drug addictive person feel happy but do not want to take drug. When nervous impulses are delivered out of this area, the strong happy feeling will be disappeared. This emotional control mechanism protects the Sensory Humans to avoid harm from all kinds of drug or other similar addictive drugs.
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