The sun is the most abundant perpetual energy source on Earth. It radiates about 1.5 x 1022  kJ of energy to the Earth every day. Two-third of the 99% of energy is absorbed by the land and oceans to warm up the Earth; the other 1/3 is reflected back to space and disappears. About 1% of the solar energy is absorbed by plants and photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria (Garrett & Charles, 2013, p. 719).

Table 1. Concentration of glucose between the treatment samples and the control samples

Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase rubsico is the specific enzyme catalyzing this key reaction of CO2 fixation in the chloroplast of green plants. It can catalyze the reaction of either CO2  or, alternatively, O2  with RuBP (Garrett & Charles, 2013, p. 741).

Rubisco is a very abundant enzyme found in the chloroplast stroma. It makes up about 50% of the total soluble protein in chloroplasts. It is estimated that there is about 4 x 107 tons of rubisco in the world, and therefore it is probably one of the most abundant proteins in the biosphere. Rubisco catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to simple (reduced) organic compounds, a process called carbon dioxide fixation or carbon fixation, also known as carbon assimilation. Carbon dioxide is assimilated via a cyclic pathway, its key intermediates constantly regenerated. The pathway was elucidated in the early 1950s by Melvin Calvin and his colleagues, and is often called the Calvin cycle (Nelson & Cox, 2005, pp. 752 & 754).

Net synthesis of glucose from CO2  and H2O occurs in green plants through photosynthesis. And the capacity to generate net synthesis of glucose is the basic distinguishing feature among autotrophic, heterotrophic, and mixtrophic organisms. The earth has gone through 4.6 billion years of evolution and so far, except for plants or photosynthetic microorganisms, no animals can carry out photosynthesis.

Although many animals, including the human body, can link CO2  to organic acceptors via catalytic reactions, these reactions cannot bring about a net accumulation of organic carbon. For example, in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, CO2   is covalently attached to acetyl-CoA to form malonyl-CoA. Nevertheless, the “fixed CO2 ” will be released in the very next reaction. Therefore such kind of process is an endergonic reaction in one’s own body.

 
Figure 1. 4000 QTRAP (LC-MS/MS) was used to check the molecular weight of glucose which was activated by ACES.

 

Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) is the specific enzyme to catalyze this key reaction of CO2 fixation in the chloroplast of green plants. It can catalyze the reaction of CO2 or O2 with RuBP.

RuBisCO is a very abundant enzyme found in the chloroplast stroma and occupies about 50% of total chloroplast protein. In an estimation, there is about 4 x 107 tons of RuBisCO in the world, therefore it can be said the most abundant protein which can promote and change CO2 to reductive organic compounds. This process is named carbon dioxide fixation or carbon fixation, also named carbon assimilation. This carbon dioxide fixation is passed through the cyclic pathway, and the intermediates are continuously regenerated. This cycle was first elucidated by Calvin and his colleagues in the 20th century and therefore it is called Calvin cycle.

 

Figure 2. Comparison of the structure of glucose by NMR between the treatment sample activated by ACESand the standard glucose sample.
 

The New Human Line has one set of carbon fixation machinery in the body, which can synthesize glucose from water and CO2  released from oxygenation. This net synthesis of glucose was tested by Benedict’s reagent, spectrometer, high- pressure liquid chromatography, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The statistical analysis showed significant difference
between the control samples and the activated samples by the New Human Line(p=0.023), which  proved the net systhesis of carbonhydrate/glucose through carbon fixation in the New Human Line (See Table 1 , Figures 1 & 2 for details).

Plants utilizes the unique enzymatic machinery and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase to catalyze the conversion of  CO2 to reductive organic compound. The New Human Line utilizes the newly-discovered Absolutely Constant Energy Source and new biological engineering techniques to control the free energy of reactants and products, generating a balance in the total amount

of free energy between the reactants and the products. This allows the net synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water. The required free energy for carbon fixation in the New Human Line is calculated as below:
6CO2   + 6H2O →  C6H12O6   + 6O2
6×(-394) 
 6×(-237.19) 
-916.916
6×(-485.344)
-2364
-1423.14
-916.916
-2912.064
-2364-1423.14=
-916.916-2912.064=
ΔGr=-3787.14 kJ/mole
ΔGp=-3828.98 kJ/mole
ΔGp-ΔGr=ΔG=-3828.98-(-3787.14)
=-41.84 kJ/mole

It requires about 30 ATP to produce one mole of glucose in the matrix of mitochondria and oxidation of one mole of glucose requires 38 ATP. Since much energy is lost on the membrane, it is therefore calculated that one mole of glucose can produce around 30 ATP.
1 ATP ≒ -30.5 kJ/mole
30 ATP × -30.5 kJ/mole≒-915 kJ/mole

For the New Human Line, the carbon fixation machinery is also the foundation of biochemistry in the oxygen-producing respiratory system. The evolutionary emergence of this new function has changed not only the manner of nutrition and energy supply of the human body but also the metabolic mode of carbon-oxygen respiratory cycle in humans, which has thoroughly rewritten the human evolutionary history.


References:

Garrett, R. H., & Grisham, C. M.  (2013). Biochemistry. (6th ed., pp. 719 & 741). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning
Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry. (4th ed., pp. 752 & 754). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and company
Stryer, L., Tymoczko, J.L., & Berg, J.M. (2012). Biochemistry. (7th ed.). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and company.

 

 

 
 
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2.
In the announcement of the research reports of the New Human Line, this website only presents the summary, experiment results and statistical analysis. The official research reports include experiment methods, results, statistical analysis and related academic theses.
3.
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