Input to the nervous system is provided by sensory receptors that detect sensory stimuli such as touch, sound, light, pain, cold, and warmth. There are five basic types of sensory receptors: (1) mechanoreceptors, which detect mechanical compression or stretching of the receptor or of tissues adjacent to the receptor; (2) thermoreceptors, which detect changes in temperature, with some receptors detecting cold and others warmth; (3) nociceptors (pain receptors), which detect damage occurring in the tissues, whether physical damage or chemical damage; (4) electromagnetic receptors, which detect light on the retina of the eye; and (5) chemoreceptors, which detect taste in the mouth, smell in the nose, oxygen level in the arterial blood, osmolality of the body fluids, carbon dioxide concentration, and other factors that make up the chemistry of the body (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 559) .
     
Figure 1.                 Figure 2.
 

Differential sensitivity makes each type of receptor highly sensitive to one type of stimulus for which it is designed and yet is almost nonresponsive to other types of sensory stimuli. Thus the rods and cones of the eyes are highly responsive to light but are almost completely nonresponsive to normal ranges of heat, cold, pressure on the eyeballs, or chemical changes in the blood (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 559).

The osmoreceptors of the supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus detect minute changes in the osmolality of the body fluids but have never been known to respond to sound. Finally, pain receptors in the skin are almost never stimulated by usual touch or pressure stimuli but do become highly active the moment tactile stimuli become severe enough to damage the tissues (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 559) or cause pain.

Although we can experience each of the principle types of sensation, such as pain, touch, sight, sound, and so forth, it is called a modality of sensation. Yet despite the fact that we experience these different modalities of sensation and initiate reflexes in response to different contexts, nerve fibers transmit only impulses (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 559).

Each nerve tract terminates at a specific point in the central nervous system, and the type of sensation felt when a nerve fiber is stimulated is determined by the point in the nervous system to which the fiber leads. For instance, touch fibers lead to the termination of specific touch areas in the brain; fibers from the retina of the eye terminate in the vision area of the brain; fibers from the ear terminate in the auditory areas of the brain, and temperature fibers terminate in the temperature areas. This specificity of nerve fibers for transmitting only one modality of sensation is called the labeled line principle (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 559).

All sensory receptors have one feature in common. Whatever the type of stimulus that excites the receptor, its immediate effect is to change the membrane electrical potential of the receptor. This change in potential is called a receptor potential. Different receptors can be excited in one of several ways to cause receptor potentials: (1) by mechanical deformation of the receptor, which stretches the receptor membrane and opens ion channels; (2) by application of a chemical to membrane, which also opens ion channels; (3) by change of the temperature of the membrane, which alters the permeability of the membrane; or (4) by the effects of electromagnetic radiation, such as light on a retinal visual receptor, which either directly or indirectly changes the receptor membrane characteristics and allows ions to flow through membrane channels. The basic cause of the change in membrane potential is a change in membrane permeability of the receptor, which allows ions to diffuse more or less readily through the membrane and thereby to change the transmembrane potential (Hall & Guyton, 2011, p. 560).

There are two organelles specialized from the somatic senses in the New Human Line: they are sensory receptors for internal energy and sensory receptors for the absolutely constant state. The sensory receptors for internal energy are very sensitive to the states of internal energy, enthalpy changes, entropy values, and free energy. And the sensory receptors for the absolutely constant state are highly sensitive to the states of internal energy and the basic constituent state of all things and phenomena. The nerve fibers, whether from the internal energy sensory receptors or from the sensory receptors for the absolutely constant state, will terminate in the somatosensory area of the Yuan lobe cortex, which is unique to the New Human Line, and activate and control all the related biochemical reactions in the body through synchronous resonance mode of transmission.

The evolutionary appearance of the sensory receptors for internal energy and the absolutely constant state enables the New Human Line to directly read the developmental trajectory and logical rules of all and every phenomena as well as factors advantageous and disadvantageous to the future. The sensory input doesn’t have to go through sense processing procedures, such as analysis, comparison, recording, and discrimination and thus doesn’t lead to comprehensible consciousness or sub-consciousness to make up self-consciousness.  The New Human Line can therefore solve problems without exerting imagination, assumption, reasoning, and thinking.

Figure 1 shows that Mr. Yuan Lin, the first New Human Line, utilized the sensory receptors for internal energy and the absolutely constant state to test and read the molecular weight, conformation, and structure of cysteine and the information about internal energy, enthalpy changes, entropy values, and free energy etc.

Figure 2 shows that Mr. Yuan Lin employed the Absolutely Constant Energy Source and the new biological engineering techniques to activate cysteine and affect the change in its concentration without any change in its molecular weight, structural formula and conformation, at 25℃, 1.0 atm, and pH 7.0, in a confined and isolated space, and with no contact with catalysts, biologically active substances, chemical substances, and physical action forces (p =0.011).

Table 1. Comparison of the absorbance between two treatments at 202 nm

Reference:

Hall, J. E.,& Guyton, A. C. (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.

 
 
1.
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2.
In the announcement of the research reports of the New Human Line, this website only presents the summary, experiment results and statistical analysis. The official research reports include experiment methods, results, statistical analysis and related academic theses.
3.
Mr. Yuan Lin is the only authentic New Human Line that has passed the verification of the Bodhi humans.
4.
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This website for the Association for the Human Evolution (the “Association”) is used for the purpose of presenting research papers only. The Association makes no warranties of any kind, express or implied about the completeness with respect to the website or the information on the website for any purpose. No offer or attempt to lobby is made by the Association for the use of the material or information on this website as a basis for any purpose. All the new physiological functions mentioned in the contents of this website are the specific mechanisms unique to the New Human Line and may undergo alteration, evolution and change as the environment changes. The Association hereby assumes no responsibility for automatically updating the contents of this website in case of any related change hereafter.

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