Human beings, like most mammals, develop two sets of teeth, or dentitions during their lifetime. The first set, called primary teeth or deciduous teeth, normally starts to develop from the gums regularly at varying intervals from six months after birth to 2 years of age. There are approximately 20 primary teeth, and starting from the middle line of teeth to both sides, they are central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first molars, and second molars.

Usually the primary teeth that appear first will also start to loosen first. Before that, the roots of the deciduous teeth will be resorbed and then these teeth will be squeezed by the developing secondary teeth (permanent teeth) in the socket and fall off.
     
There are 32 permanent teeth in the second set, and starting from the middle line of the mouth to both sides, they are central incisors, lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars, second molars, and third molars. The permanent teeth usually start to develop around the age of 6 and are considered completely developed when the third molars appear between the ages of 17 and 25. The third molars, also named the wisdom teeth, sometimes fail to develop because they remain embedded in abnormal positions in the upper or lower jawbone, and then become the impacted teeth.

Figure 1. Shows the new tooth structure of Mr. Yuan Lin , the first New Human Line, whose association area of the tooth root, gum, and bony alveolus distinctively becomes stronger and thicker, allowing the teeth to be firmly fixed in the jaw and never fall off.

Teeth utilize mechanical force to break down foods into smaller fragments, which can increase the total surface area of the foods to efficiently contact and react with digestive juices. Different teeth are adapted to different ways of food processing, like the chisel-shaped incisors which can nip off pieces of food with their sharp edge. The cone-shaped canines can tear and pierce. The premolars and molars have broad crowns with rounded cusps for grinding food.
Each tooth has two main regions, the crown which is the exposed part of the tooth above the gingiva, or gum, and the root which is embedded in the socket of the upper or lower jawbone. The crown and root are connected by a constricted tooth region called the neck.
  
Figure 2. Shows the derived new  tooth structure.

The surface of the crown is covered by smooth and glossy white enamel. The hardest substance in the body, it is heavily mineralized with calcium salt. Unfortunately, if the enamel is damaged by friction or injury, it is impossible to regenerate the enamel or to replace it. Meanwhile, it will gradually decay with age.

Dentin, or dentine, underlies the enamel cap and forms the bulk of the tooth. This is a bonelike tissue with mineral and collagen components, but it is harder than bone. Dentin surrounds a central pulp cavity containing connective tissue, blood vessels and nerve fibers. Blood vessels and nerves are allowed to go upward into the pulp cavity from the apical foramen of the root canal. The external surface of the tooth root is covered by a bone layer, called cementum, which attaches the tooth to the periodontal ligament, or periodontium. Containing bundles of thick collagen fibers, the periodontal ligament, located between cementum and the bony sockets, anchors the tooth in the bony alveolus of the jaw. Moreover, the surface of the cementum-covered tooth root also contains blood vessels and nerves.

Composed of calcium salts and organic matrix, the teeth of ordinary people are easily dissolved by acids produced by cavity bacteria and by protein-digesting enzymes. Even cementum will gradually decay with age. In old age, the teeth will completely fall out and are unable to perform their normal function. The saliva of the New Human Line contains high concentration of bacteria-killing substance and antibodies which can kill bacteria in the mouth, including those inducing cavity.  For this reason, the New Human Line does not easily have cavities.

When the enamel is damaged by friction or injury, the dentin itself will automatically increase the chemical concentration of its major components, such as hydroxyapatite, carbonate salt, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and other ions. This can increase the hardness of the teeth to resist erosion caused by acids, enzymes, and other corrosive substances. The cementum will become even stronger and thicker with age. The association area of the tooth root, gum, and bony alveolus will also continuously derive and grow a new structure, allowing the teeth to be firmly fixed in the jaw and never fall off, so as to execute their normal function even at an old age.


References：

Marieb, E. N., & Hoehn, K. (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. (8th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education.
McKinley, M. & O’Loughlin, V. D. (2008). Human anatomy. (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hills.
Tallitsch, R.B., Timmons, M.J., & Martini, F.H. (2009). Human Anatomy. (12th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education

 

 
　　　
 
 
1.
The official version of this website is written in Traditional Chinese (Taiwan).
2.
In the announcement of the research reports of the New Human Line, this website only presents the summary, experiment results and statistical analysis. The official research reports include experiment methods, results, statistical analysis and related academic theses.
3.
Mr. Yuan Lin is the only authentic New Human Line that has passed the verification of the Bodhi humans.
4.
 All the related knowledge of the New Human Line is protected by Intellectual Property Rights and Trade Secret Act.
   

This website for the Association for the Human Evolution (the “Association”) is used for the purpose of presenting research papers only. The Association makes no warranties of any kind, express or implied about the completeness with respect to the website or the information on the website for any purpose. No offer or attempt to lobby is made by the Association for the use of the material or information on this website as a basis for any purpose. All the new physiological functions mentioned in the contents of this website are the specific mechanisms unique to the New Human Line and may undergo alteration, evolution and change as the environment changes. The Association hereby assumes no responsibility for automatically updating the contents of this website in case of any related change hereafter.

Anyone that browses, learns from, or even imitates the contents of this website shall carefully consider all sorts of information and prudently evaluate his or her own physical status. You assume all responsibility for and risk arising from the use of and reliance upon the contents of this website. To the extent not prohibited by law, in no circumstances shall the Association and its members and the presenter of the research paper be liable to you or any other third parties for any loss or damage arising directly or indirectly, specifically, accidentally or causatively from the use of or your acts based on the contents of this website or any of the material contained in it.
 
 
 
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