In 1924, L. de Broglie proposed the idea of the wave nature of matter. In 1927, C.J. Davission and L.H. Germer directed a beam of 54 eV electrons at a single crystal of nickel and got the phenomena of interference and diffraction like light waves. He proved the wave nature of electrons and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937. Because particles have wave-like properties, very small particles like electrons have a chance to pass through the supposedly impassable energy barrier. This behavior is named tunneling. The probability of tunneling is related to the distance. The shorter the distance, the larger the probability of tunneling. Under suitable conditions, all wave equations will show the coupling effects of attenuated waves. In quantum mechanics, the quantum tunneling effect is one coupled effect of attenuated waves. The quantum behavior follows the Schrödinger wave equation.

Quantum tunneling can also be present in chemical reactions. If the wave function of the reactant molecules pass through the potential-energy barrier, the reaction can occur. In traditional chemical reactions, only when the reactant molecules obtain sufficient energy can they pass through the activation-energy barrier, which allows the reaction to proceed. (Figure 1.)

Figure 1. Energy reaction with or without enzymes.

For a chemical reaction with quantum tunneling, we can relate the reaction rate constant, k, the temperature, T, with the energy barrier of the reaction, E,( similar to the activation energy, Ea ) by adding  one correction factor, Q, to  the Arrhenius equation, which is given by

where:

where m is the mass of the tunneling particle, and 2a is the width of the potential barrier

From the above equation, we can see that the smaller mass the tunneling particle has, the smaller width of the potential-energy barrier it has, and the more probably the reaction is affected by quantum tunneling. Therefore, tunneling generally occurs to electrons, hydrogen atoms, and deuterium atoms, and rarely to atoms of heavier elements. The width of the potential-energy barrier is determined by the distance between the places of the particle before and after tunneling. The closer distance between the two reaction points, the greater the degree of tunneling. The lower the potential-energy barrier, the greater the degree of tunneling. Since β is proportional to 2a, and is the square root of mass m respectively, the factor Q is affected by the width of the potential energy more than the mass of the particle.

A method to verify the presence of quantum tunneling in a chemical reaction is through the calculation of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE). In the KIE experiment, one of the atoms in the reactant is labelled by one of its isotopes. Both the original reactant and the isotopically substituted reactant then go through the reaction respectively. Both rates of reaction are then compared to obtain the information about the reaction mechanism.

Since the chemical bond formed by the heavier isotope is less easy to be broken, the use of different isotopes of the same element to label the reactant in the reaction shall exhibit different reaction rates. The reactant labelled by a heavy isotope shall exhibit a slower reaction rate. If these two different isotopes are protium (1H) and deuterium (2H) respectively, the kH/kD value should be between 6 and 10 under normal conditions. In other words, the reaction rate for the reactant containing a C-H bond is 6 to 10 times higher than that with a C-D bond. But if quantum tunneling is present in the reaction, the kH/kD value shall be much larger than 10 since the mass m is in the exponential position of the Q factor, any change in m will greatly affect the reaction rate.

The reaction rate k is little affected by the temperature T in quantum tunneling and in contrary to the general chemical reactions, when the temperature rises or drops significantly, it usually won’t lead to significant change in the reaction rate but only generate minor difference. At low temperature, the effect of quantum tunneling becomes even pronounced and for this reason, research on such kind of reaction is usually carried out at low temperature. However, the rise of the temperature will cause part of the molecules to transit to the second vibrational energy level (n=1), and thus reduce the width of the potential barrier and then accelerate the reaction rate. This is due to the fact that the effect of the temperature on the reaction rate will not come to zero.

Quantum tunneling is most commonly seen in organic chemical reactions, especially in those that contain active intermediates and certain enzymes. It allows the enzymes to significantly increase the reaction rate. Quantum tunneling is exploited by the enzymes to transfer the electron and the atomic nucleus such as hydrogen and deuterium. Experiments also show that under certain physiological condition, even the oxygen nuclei of glucose oxidase will go through quantum tunneling. In addition, the reaction of proton transfer chain is also an example of quantum tunneling.

Ming-Ju Chang, PhD, Ying-Tung Lin and Yuan Lin*
info@cahe.org.tw

Introduction:

The effect of quantum tunneling in chemical reactions is the basis for the synthesis of a variety of organic molecules in the universe. It is also an important mechanism to synthesize the essential organic compounds required by the early stage of life. Simple inorganic raw materials in the universe, such as hydrogen, helium, and a large amount of formaldehyde molecules, break through the total prohibition and obstruction present in traditional chemical reactions through the occurrence of quantum tunneling and synthesize complex organic compounds. Therefore, quantum tunneling in chemical reactions bears a significant connection with the origin of life.

The New Human Line can utilize the newly-discovered Absolutely Constant Energy Source (ACES) to activate tiny particles to tunnel through the barrier which they are supposedly unable to surmount and thus have quantum tunneling occur in the quantum state of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, amino acids, enzymes, nucleic acids, vitamins, hormones, and trace elements to induce specific biochemical reactions in the human body. This new biological engineering technique will generate the greatest leap forward in the progression of human evolution.

Treatments:

The New Human Line activated the DNA sample.

Figure 1.  Comparison of Rf values between the control sample and the treatment sample  (11/04/2008).	Figure 2. Comparison of Rf values between the control sample and the treatment sample (11/06/2008).
Table 1. Comparison of the Rf value between two treatments	Table 2. Comparison of the Rf value between two treatments

Conclusion:

From the above experimental results, it can be seen that there is significant difference between the control samples and the samples treated with the Absolutely Constant Energy Source by Mr. Yuan Lin. It proves that Mr. Yuan Lin, the New Human Line, can utilize the function of performing quantum tunneling to change the Rf  values of DNA so as to induce an above +1 or below -1 frameshifting at defined position of the DNA.

References: