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The epidermis of the skin is a kind of stratified squamous epithelium. It is about 0.03 to 2.0 mm thick, but the thickness varies in different regions of the body. It is thinner in fossa cubiti at only 0.034 mm, and the thickest on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet at about 0.8 to 1.4 mm. The epidermis consists of five layers, including the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. It takes about 28 days to go through the whole process of keratinization. Stratum Corneum: as the outermost layer of the epidermis, it is made up of dead, completely keratinized and flattened cells. The shape of cells is flat and thin with no nuclei, and the cytoplasm is keratinized to form keratin which contains low levels of sulfur. The intercellular substances are cholesterol, saturated lipids, and free fatty acids, including moisturizing factors that can retain moisture. Stratum Lucidum: being clear and somewhat translucent, it only exists on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. It is about 3 to 5 cells wide, flattened-shaped and densely packed together. Half of the cytoplasm contains translucent keratin which can renew cells shedding from the surface of the stratum corneum. This layer is to keep the skin waterproof so that water cannot penetrate it from outside, and is thus prevented from being absorbed by the skin. Stratum Granulosum: this layer is formed by cells from the stratum spinosum and stratum basale, which contain granules of keratohyalin, a precursor to the extracellular keratin. As the number and size of granules continuously increase, the nucleus will gradually decay. Cells touch with each other and tonofibrils become blurred, which causes cell death. The dead cells gradually move outward to replace the cells of the stratum lucidum. The palms of the hands and the soles of the feet have the thickest granular layer. Stratum Spinosum: as the cells of this layer have “prickles”, it is thus called the prickly layer, which contains lymph to nourish the epidermis. Though interconnected by desmosomes, these cells still remain independent from each other and have a prominent nucleus. The cytoplasm is basophilic and contains a considerable number of RNA. And for these reasons, these cells can grow and divide through mitosis. The cytoplasm also contains many tufts of tonofibrils, a major precursor to keratin. These tonofibrils allows lymph to flow among them to supply nutrients. This lymph can also travel through the lymphatic vessels in the dermis and interrelates with the blood in the blood vessels. Because the cells of this layer are tightly bound to each other, it can resist abrasions caused by external forces. This layer also contains many sensory nerve endings which can perceive each kind of stimulus from the outside world. Stratum Basale: located in the bottom layer of the epidermis, it consists of a single layer of cylindrical basal keratinocytes and dendritic melanocytes. Thin and short dentate cytoplasm bulges on the bottom surface of each cell. It can anchor down the epithelium to the dermis. The cells undergo mitosis here and some of the dividing cells are then pushed up to the next layer. Some other cells belong to melanocytes which contain granular melanin that will be carried to the dermis by blood and thus gives the skin its color. As the basal cells have the ability to reproduce through cell division, this basal cell layer is also called the stratum germinosum. It generally takes modern people about 28 days to complete the process of epidermal keratinization. And this period of time only applies to the shedding of the epidermis. If the epidermis flakes off and the dermis is injured, it will take about 15 to 45 days for the dermis to repair, heal and form a scab. After that, the epidermis can get to start the process of keratinization. Therefore, it will take about 43 to 73 days to complete the whole process of epidermal keratinization and the progression of the dermis forming a scab. It takes the New Human Line about 3 to 5 days to go through the whole process of epidermal keratinization and the progression of the dermis forming a scab. There is about a 14-time difference between the New Human Line and the Homo sapiens in this physiological process. This evolutionary difference mainly results from the fact that all the biochemical reactions in the body of the New Human Line are completely activated by the Absolutely Constant Energy Source (ACES). ACES can directly convert energy to mass or mass to energy, and therefore, it can directly activate the function of super healing, repair, and regeneration of the cells in each layer of the epidermis to make the process of epidermal keratinization rapidly complete in 3 to 5 days. The evolutionary emergence of this rapid epidermal keratinization function allows the New Human Line to quickly heal in a short time after the skin is injured. In order to verify that the New Human Line can directly activate the function of super healing, repair, and regeneration of the cells in each layer of the epidermis to allow the process of epidermal keratinization to rapidly complete within 3 to 5 days, the medical research laboratory of the Association for Human Evolution adopted a tangible research method to observe and record the whole process of epidermal keratinization and the progression of the dermis forming a scab in Mr. Yuan Lin, the first successfully-evolved New Human Line, after the epidermis of his pinky finger flaked off and the dermis was injured. The photos recording the process are shown as follows:
From the above tangible research observations and records, we can see that the pinky finger of Mr. Yuan Lin, the first successfully-evolved New Human Line, completed the progression of repair, healing and scab formation of the dermis and the epidermal keratinization approximately on the fifth day after the epidermis flaked off. It shows a significant difference (p = 0.000). It can prove that Mr. Yuan Lin, the New Human Line, can utilize the Absolutely Constant Energy Source to directly activate the function of super healing, repair, and regeneration of the cells in each layer of the epidermis to make the epidermis capable to undergo rapid keratinization.
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