Liza Chen, Ying-Tung Lin, and Yuan Lin
Chinese Association for the Human Evolution, Shuilin Township, Yunlin County, Taiwan
Human Evolution Research Center
November 8 and 9, 2007

 
 

Introduction:

Oxidation–reduction reactions are important chemical reactions in nature. The loss of electrons during a reaction is called oxidation, while the gain of electrons during a reaction is called reduction. As both reactions need to proceed simultaneously, they are generally called redox reactions.

Plants utilize solar energy to combine CO2 and H2O to form glucose. Glucose plays an important role in the human body and life. The human body needs eight monosaccharides for regular and proper functioning and all the essential monosaccharides arise from glucose (see Figure 1).

 

Figure 1. Glucose and other derivative monosaccharides.
Note. This figure is adapted from Devlin, T.M. (2011). Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations. (7th ed., p.652). Danvers, MA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 

Glucose is colorless; therefore, it must undergo a color producing reaction to be measured by a spectrophotometer. It reacts with an oxidizing agent called Benedict's reagent. The reagent mainly contains copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7). Benedict's reagent is used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group, -CHO, by forming the precipitate, cuprous oxide (Cu2O).

The purpose of this experiment is to prove that Mr. Yuan Lin, the first successfully-evolved New Human Line, can utilize the Absolutely Constant Energy Source (ACES) and the new biological engineering techniques to activate the color producing reactions of oxidation-reduction of glucose so as to control these chemical reaction processes without any change in the molecular weight, structural formula, and conformation of glucose, at 25℃, 1.0 atm, and pH 7.0, in a confined and isolated space, and with no contact with catalysts, biologically active substances, chemical substances, and physical action forces.

 

 

 

Results & Discussion:

Experiment 1: promoting oxidation-reduction reactions

Table 1. Standard glucose (11/08/2007)
Concentration (M)
Absorbance at 437 nm
0.1
1.012
0.05
0.5075
0.04
0.398


Figure 1. The standard curve of glucose. (11/08/2007).
Figure 2. The condition of the liquids before glucose reacted with Benedict's solution. (11/08/2007) .
Figure 3. Comparison of the result of the reaction between the control sample and the treated sample. (11/08/2007) .

 

Table 2. The result of Experiment 1
Sample
Absorbance at 437 nm
Concentration of glucose (M)
Difference
1. control
0.5075
0.05
 
2. experiment
0.9055
0.089
78%
Note. The original concentration of glucose was 0.05 M. After oxidation-reduction reactions were promoted, the concentration increased to 0.089 M (by 78%) in the treated sample.

 Table 3. The result of replication of Experiment 1
Sample
Absorbance at 437 nm
Concentration of glucose (M)
Difference
1. control
0.162
0.016
 
2. experiment
0.216
0.028
75%
Note. The original concentration of glucose was 0.016M. After oxidation-reduction reactions were promoted, the concentration changed to 0.028 M (by 75%) in the treated sample.


Experiment 2: inhibiting oxidation-reduction reactions

Table 4. Standard glucose (11/09/2007)
Concentration (M)
Absorbance at 437 nm
0.1
0.664
0.08
0. 535
0.05
0. 2505


Figure 4. The standard curve of glucose. (11/09/2007)


 Table 5. The result of Experiment 2
Sample
Absorbance at 437 nm
Concentration of glucose (M)
Difference
1. control
0.2505
0.05
 
2. experiment
0.214
0.044
12%
Note. The original concentration of glucose was 0.05 M. After oxidation-reduction reactions were inhibited, the concentration decreased to 0.044 M (by 12%) in the treated sample.

 Table 6. The result of replication of Experiment 2
Sample
Absorbance at 437 nm
Concentration of glucose (M)
Difference
1. control
0.229
0.046
 
2. experiment
0.172
0.039
15%
Note. The original concentration of glucose was 0.046 M. After oxidation-reduction reactions were inhibited, the concentration decreased to 0.039 M (by 15%) in the treated sample.


Results:
From the above experiments, we can see that when Mr. Yuan Lin, the New Human Line, utilizes the Absolutely Constant Energy Source to regulate the oxidation-reduction reactions of glucose, its concentration can be affected. When oxidation-reduction reactions are promoted, the glucose concentration increase by 75%, and when oxidation-reduction reactions are inhibited, the glucose concentration will decrease by 12%. It can prove that Mr. Yuan Lin, the New Human Line, can utilize the Absolutely Constant Energy Source and the new biological engineering techniques to regulate the oxidation-reduction reactions of glucose (p=0.000).


References:

  1. John, M. (2008). Organic Chemistry. (7th ed., pp.686-694). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Thomson Learning.
  2. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (4th ed., p.751~p.752). New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and company.
 
 
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