VX (Venomous agent X) is the most toxic nerve agent at present. It is an organophosphorus compound which can rapidly invade the human body, destroy the normal functioning of the nervous system, and cause casualties within a short time. It is therefore called a nerve agent. This organophosphorus compound is ranked as the most toxic nerve agent mainly because it can instantly combine with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after entering into the human body, block the action of AChE in hydrolyzing acetycholine (ACh), and result in an accumulation of ACh in the space between the neuron and muscle cell, causing serious disorder of the functions of the central and peripheral nervous system which further leads to organ failure of the respiratory system and causes death.

Because of the high lethality, the organophosphorus chemical weapons were categorized as weapons of mass destruction by the United Nations in 1991 and were banned on their production and stockpiling by Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) of 1993. Subsequently, member states began to destroy chemical weapons such as sarin, etc. To the end of 2015, there had been 192 countries and regions signing the CWC in the world and about 90% of the global chemical weapons stockpile had been destroyed.

Although butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the serum of humans appears to be an efficacious antidote against organophosphorus nerve agents, it exists in such a tiny amount in the human body that it cannot affect their damage to the nervous system. There are two types of cholinesterase: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). AChE is called true cholinesterase, found in chemical synapses of the cholinergic nerve endings, particularly in the infoldings of the postsynaptic membrane at the motor endplate where AChE aggregates in a greater amount. It also exists in cholinergic neurons and red blood cells. This enzyme exerts the most powerful effect on the physiological concentration of ACh and also displays higher specificity to it. One molecule of AChE can hydrolyze 3x10 molecules of Ach. BChE is called pseudocholinesterase (PChE), which widely exists in the glial cells, blood plasma, liver, kidney, and intestines. Though displaying lower specificity to ACh, it can hydrolyze other choline esters, such as succinylcholine which abnormally prolongs the time of muscle relaxation.  

BChE mainly involves in the hydrolysis of a variety of choline esters into choline and carboxylic acids in the metabolism of the human body. In drug metabolism, it primarily works to decompose cocaine, hydrolyze aspirin to salicylic acid and heroin to morphine, hydrolyze ester local anesthetics, such as procaine, chloroprocaine, tetracaine, and muscle relaxants, such as succinylcholine, mivacurium chloride, etc. Bambuterol, an anti-asthma drug, has to be hydrolyzed by BChE to terbutaline in the body to display an anti-asthmatic effect, which in the meanwhile also consumes BChE in blood plasma, leading to a drop in plasma BChE concentration. Furthermore, in the case of neurotoxicity caused by nerve agents in an animal body, use of BChE beforehand can afford significant protection for nervous tissue. In addition to hydrolyzing cocaine and heroin, BChE can also be used in treating drug addiction.

All the biochemical reactions in the body of the New Human Line are activated by the Absolutely Constant Energy Source and, therefore, the efficiency of the liver cells in producing BChE, along with its concentration, can be instantly changed to let this enzyme immediately released into the bloodstream, which rapidly relieves the neurotoxicity caused by nerve agents and thus maintains the normal functioning of the nervous system.

The purpose of the following experiment is to prove that Mr. Yuan Lin, the first successfully-evolved New Human Line, can utilize the Absolutely Constant Energy Source (ACES) and the new biological engineering techniques to activate butyrylchlolinerase (BChE) and instantly change its concentration without any change in its molecular weight, structural formula, and conformation, at 13℃ with the samples kept at 0℃, 1.0 atm, and pH 7.0, in a confined and isolated space, with no contact with catalysts, biologically active substances, chemical substances, and physical action forces, so as to immediately remove the effects of organophosphorus compounds on the nervous system.

Table 1. Comparison of the absorbance between two treatments at 280 nm

Note. P=0.006

From the above experiment results, we can see a significant difference (p=0.006) between the control group and the samples treated with ACES by Mr. Yuan Lin. It proved that Mr. Yuan Lin, the New Human Line, can utilize ACES and the new biological engineering techniques to activate butyrylchlolinerase (BChE) and instantly change its concentration so as to immediately remove the effects of organophosphorus compounds on the nervous system.

The emergence of this new physiological function of detoxification of nerve agents has gone through the inspections of research trials in the laboratory. Once it has passed the clinical trials, it will allow the New Human Line to relieve the toxicity of drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, and opium, etc., avoid the poisoning of organophosphorus pesticides, and raise the survival rate in chemical weapons attacks.

References:

1. Acetylcholinesterase (2017). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase
2. Butyrylcholinesterase (2017). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrylcholinesterase
3. 丁酰胆碱酯酶 (2018)。取自https://baike.baidu.com/item/丁酰胆碱酯酶
4. VX神經毒劑的解藥——藏在轉基因羊奶中(2018)。取自https://baike.baidu.com/tashuo/browse/content?id=0c49bf38f53f401cea204446&lemmaId=&fromLemmaModule=pcBottom
5. 膽鹼酯酶(2013)。取自http://胆碱酯酶-A+醫學百科