The Physiological Foundation of the Kingdom of Dual Synthetic Animalia The biological classification of the Sensory Humans is named the kingdom of Dual Synthetic Animalia, it is one kingdom of dorman of Eukarya Homeostasis. It was named due to the mitochodria having a dual cycle (oxygenation and photosynthesis) characteristics. Animals are the organism that corresponds to plants. Animal cannot run photosynthesis to survive; they have to live on plants, animals, and other organic substances. They utilize oxygenation to oxidize and decompose of carbohydrate to carbon dioxide and water and produce ATP. This process is called glycolysis, a biochemical reaction that is spontaneous irreversible processes. Dual Synthetic Animalia has both characteristics of oxygenation and photosynthesis. Their mitochondria are the dual cycle organelles for specialized oxygenation and photosynthesis. In the oxygenation reaction, carbohydrates are oxidized and decomposed to CO2 and H2O and produced ATP. By utilizing of solar energy, carbohydrate is formed again from the CO2 and H2O which were produced from oxygenation of carbohydrate. The biochemical reaction is spontaneous reversible. The dual cycle structure can live on organic substances as heterotroph, when the organic compounds are depleted, then they can utilize photosynthesis to prevent annihilation from shortages of food and oxygen. We have to understand the basic knowledge and modern research of mitochondria before we detail explanation about oxygenation and photosynthesis of Dual Synthetic Animalia. Oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes takes place in mitochondria. Mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles, typically about 2μm in length and 0.5 μm in diameter, about the size of a bacterium. Eugene Kennedy and Albert Lehninger discovered more than a half-century ago that mitochondria contain the respiratory assembly, the enzymes of the citric acid cycle, and the enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. Electron microscopic studies by George Palade and Fritjof Sjöstrand revealed that mitochondria have two membrane systems: an outer membrane and an extensive, highly folded inner membrane. The inner membrane is folded into a series of internal ridges called cristae. Hence, there are two compartments in mitochondria: (1) the intermembrane space between the outer and the inner membranes and (2) the matrix, which is bounded by the inner membrane (Figure 18. 2). The mitochondrial matrix is the site of most of the reactions of the citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The increases in surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane provide with double membrane create more sites for oxidative phosphorylation than would be the case with a simple, unfolded membrane. Humans contain an estimated 14,000 m2 of inner mitochondrial membrane, which is the approximate equivalent of three football fields in the United States. The outer membrane is quite permeable to most small molecules and ions because it contains many copies of mitochondrial porin, a 30 to 35 kd pore-forming protein also known as VDAC, for voltage-dependent anion channel. VDAC plays a role in the regulated flux of metabolites—usually anionic species such as phosphate, chloride, organic anions, and the adenine nucleotides—across the outer membrane. In contrast, the inner membrane is intrinsically impermeable to nearly all ions and polar molecules. A large family of transporters shuttles metabolites such as ATP, pyruvate, and citrate across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The two faces of this membrane will be referred to as the matrix side and the cytoplasm side (the latter because it is freely accessible to most small molecules in the cytoplasm). They are also called the N and P sides, respectively, because the membrane potential is negative on the matrix side and positive on the cytoplasm side. In prokaryotes, the electron-driven proton pumps and ATP-synthesizing complex are located in the cytoplasm membrane, the inner of two membranes. The outer membrane of bacteria, like that of mitochondria, is permeable to most small metabolites because of the presence of porins.
Figure 18.2 Electron micrograph [(A) and diagram (B) of a mitochondrion. [(A) Courtesy of George Palade. (B) After Biology of the Cell by Stephen L Wolfe. © 1972 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont California 94002. Adapted by permission of the publisher.] (Biochemistry, Sixth Edition) Mitochondria are the result of an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles that live in an endosymbiotic relation with the host cell. These organelles contain their own DNA, which encodes a variety of different proteins and RNAs. Mitochondrial DNA is usually portrayed as being circular, but recent research suggests that the mitochondrial DNA of many organisms may be linear. The genomes of mitochondria range broadly in size across species. The mitochondrial genome of the protist Plasmodium falciparum consists of fewer than 6000 base pairs, whereas those of some land plants comprise more than 200,000 bp (Figure 18.3). Human mitochondrial DNA comprises 16,569 bp and encodes 13 respiratory-chain proteins as well as the small and large ribosomal RNAs and enough tRNAs to translate all codons. However, mitochondria also contain many proteins encoded by nuclear DNA. Cells that contain mitochondria depend on these organelles for oxidative phosphorylation, and the mitochondria in turn depend on the cell for their very existence. How did this intimate symbiotic relation come to exist? An endosymbiotic event is thought to have occurred whereby a free-living organism capable of oxidative phosphorylation was engulfed by another cell. The double-membrane, circular DNA (with exceptions), and mitochondrial- specific transcription and translation machinery all point to this conclusion. Thanks to the rapid accumulation of sequence data for mitochondrial and bacterial genomes, speculation on the origin of the “original” mitochondrion with some authority is now possible, The most mitochondrial-like bacterial genome is that of Rickettsia prowazekii, the cause of louse-borne typhus. The genome for this organism is more than 1 million base pairs in size and contains 834 protein-encoding genes. Sequence data suggest that all extant mitochondria are derived from an ancestor of R. prowazekii as the result of a single endosymbiotic event.
Figure 18.3 Sizes of mitochondrial genomes. The sizes of three mitochondrial genomes compared with the genome of Rickettsia, a relative of the presumed ancestor of all mitochondria. For genomes of more than 60 kbp, the DNA coding region for genes with known function is shown in red. (Biochemistry, Sixth Edition) The evidence that modern mitochondria result from a single event comes from examination of the most bacteria-like mitochondrial genome, that of the protozoan Reclinomonas americana. Its genome contains 97 genes, of which 62 specify proteins. The genes encoding these proteins include all of the protein-coding genes found in all of the sequenced mitochondrial genomes (Figure 18.4). Yet, this genome encodes less than 2% of the protein-coding genes in the bacterium E. coli. It seems unlikely that mitochondrial genomes resulting from several endosymbiotic events could have been independently reduced to the same set of genes found in R. americana. Note that transient engulfment of prokaryotic cells by larger cells is not uncommon in the microbial world. In the case of mitochondria, such a transient relation became permanent as the bacterial cell lost DNA, making it incapable of independent living, and the host cell became dependent on the ATP generated by its tenant.
Figure 18.4 Overlapping gene complements of mitochondria. The genes present within each oval are those present within the organism represented by the oval. Only rRNA- and protein-coding genes are shown. The genome of Reclinomonas contains all the protein-coding genes found in all the sequenced mitochondrial genomes. [After M. W. Gray, G. Burger, and B. F. Lang. Science 283(1999):1476-1481.] (Biochemistry, Sixth Edition) Human mitochondrial DNA comprises 16569 base pairs, many diseases are related to damage of mitochondrial DNA, for example: the abbreviations are DEAF = deafness(1555); MELAS = mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes(3243); LHON = Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy(3460); ADPD = Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease(4336); MERRF = myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fiber disease(8344); NARP = neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosum(8993); LDYS = LHON + dystonia Please refer to the following figure:
Human mitochondrial DNA comprises 16569 base pairs:
Reference: Under the condition that special physiological characteristic of mitochondria provided the original form evolution, Mr. Yuan Lin, who is in charge of the proposal of human evolution, utilized the Absolute Homeostasis Energy Source constituent technique to activate all common genetic codes of mitochondria and chlorophyll. Through original form of evolutional transposition and resonance techniques activating mitochondria of inside the body, the mitochondria will evolve to take place of oxygenation and photosynthesis dual cycle organelle. In glycolysis process, carbohydrates are oxidized to form CO2 and H2O and produce ATP in oxygenation. Mitochondria can utilize solar energy to combine CO2 and H2O to form carbohydrates. This biochemical reaction is a spontaneous reversible process. (The important turning point technique of oxygenation and photosynthesis dual cycle of mitochondria was ranked as above secret document, only after decryption it can be detailed explanation). Photosynthesis of the new human line related many procedures that included the structures and functions of photo-mechanism; photo-absorption; electron transmission pathway; photosynthetic phosphorylation; photo-respiration; and carbon dioxide fixation, etc. All of procedures were represented by the following equations. The equations are listed respectively as follows: the equation of the “Energy in Absolute Homeostasis”: the equation of activation of intrinsic genetic photosynthetic transformation: the equation of the fission of photon energy: Above equations were named “Linyuan mechanics-photoelectric effects”. Mr. Yuan Lin used equations (1-3) to absorb solar energy; passed through equation 4 to activate LIGHT (Linyuan Intrinsic Genetic Photosynthetic Transformation); exercised equations (5-6) to fix carbon dioxide. The combination of carbon dioxide and water produced sugar; it was basic sign to distinguish autotroph from heterotroph. The photosynthesis of the Sensory Humans Liza Chen, Ying-Tung Lin, and Yuan Lin The solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy source on earth, if human beings can directly absorb and utilize it, then they can evolve from heterotrophic to autotrophic organisms to prevent annihilation from short of foods and oxygen. Through 4.6 billion years of lengthy evolution until now, except plants and photo-microorganism, none of the animals can run photosynthesis. The main reason is that animals do not have photosynthetic organelle. In 1989, Mr. Yuan Lin discovered and utilized the Energy in Absolute Homeostasis to activate mitochondria inside the body. The mitochondria will evolve to become oxygenation and photosynthesis dual cycle organelle. It oxidized carbohydrate to CO2 and H2O and produced ATP in glycolysis process, and utilized solar energy to combine CO2 and H2O to form carbohydrate. This biochemical reaction is a spontaneous reversible. The structure of dual cycle can live on organic substance as heterotroph, when the organic compounds are depleted; they can live as autotroph by utilizing photosynthesis. This important development helps to bring about the appearance of the Sensory Humans who can run photosynthesis. The purpose of this experiment is to prove the efficiency; glucose production; oxygen production; transportation; and comparison to the Homo sapiens, it explains as following: 1. Efficiency: The photosynthesis of the Sensory Humans related to many procedures and formulas, including photo-absorption; electron transmission pathway; photosynthetic phosphorylation; photo-respiration; and carbon fixation etc. The most important procedure is the efficiency of carbon fixation. The result of experiment showed the significant difference. 2. Glucose production: Comparison the concentration of glucose product from Mr. Yuan Lin staying indoors and outdoors. The result of experiment showed the significant difference. (p=0.00). 3. Oxygen production: The photosynthesis of the Sensory Humans will produce oxygen to supply the cells in the body. It is photo-respiration. The result showed the significant difference. 4. Transportation: The glucose produced by photosynthesis of the Sensory Humans was named photo-energy sugar. The concentration of glucose is higher than the existing glucose concentration within the body under no changes of molecular weight, structure, and shape. It will open the specialized photo-membrane channel and let photo-energy sugar transport to whole body for nutrient source. The result showed the significant difference. 5. Comparison: Comparison between experiments from the Homo sapiens and the Sensory Humans. The result showed that the Homo sapiens could not run photosynthesis. (p=0.00). The body evolution of the Sensory Humans is overall and continuous happening; photosynthesis is only a part of functions. The research is unquestionable to rewrite the biological foundation and completely solve the difficult to handle questions of increase CO2; greenhouse effect; short of foods; and supply of O2. The human evolution will push to the endless of new stage.
The oxygenation and photosynthesis dual cycle mitochondria of Dual Synthetic Animalia will inherit to next generation. It is father and mother two lines inheritance. It is unique characteristic of Dual Synthetic Animalia. We will discuss it in next chapter. Reference:Biochemistry, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer, Sixth Edition ※This paper is a simple edition on website. The formal edition contains the research theories and techniques, and is classified information. The information provides only to the members of Chinese Association for the Human Evolution and specific responsible members of specialized committees for the purpose of academic research whenever it is decrypted.
(Copyright of this article is reserved by Mr. Yuan Lin. This article cannot be transcribed or reprinted without the permission.) © 2012 Chinese Association for the Human Evolution. All Rights Reserved. |
…（1）
…（2）
…（3）
…（4）
…（5）
…（6）
| The Physiological Foundation of Oxygenation and Photosynthesis Transition Mechanism | ||
